10-21-2017 Rob Wesson: Darwin & Geology

About the Talk

Darwin’s First Theory

Rob Wesson, an internationally known seismologist and now popular author, will speak about his new book, Darwin’s First Theory.  Everybody knows―or thinks they know―Charles Darwin, the father of evolution and the man who altered the way we view our place in the world. However, what most people do not know is that Darwin was on board the HMS Beagle as a Geologist―on a mission to examine the land, not flora and fauna. Or about Darwin’s seminal role in demonstrating and exploring the ups and down of the Earth’s crust.

Retracing Darwin’s footsteps in South America and beyond, Rob trekked across the Andes, cruised waters charted by the Beagle, hunted for fossils in Uruguay and Argentina, and explored sites of long-vanished glaciers in Scotland and Wales. As he followed Darwin’s path―literally and intellectually―he experienced the land as Darwin did, engaged with his observations, and tackled the same questions Darwin had about our ever-changing Earth.

Upon his return from his five-year journey aboard the Beagle, after examining the effects of earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and more, Darwin conceived his theory of subsidence and uplift‚―his first theory. These concepts and attitudes―the vastness of time; the enormous cumulative impact of almost imperceptibly slow change; change as a constant feature of the environment―underlie Darwin’s subsequent discoveries in evolution. And this peculiar way of thinking remains vitally important today as we enter the human-dominated Anthropocene age.

As the New York Time Book Review wrote, Rob’s book “dares, thank goodness, to work some of the rare Darwinian territory that is actually underexplored. Tracing the young Darwin’s tracks …Wesson relates how Darwin hatched his first, favorite, and most overlooked substantive theory, on the origins of coral reefs. In both method and vision—imagining forms changing slowly over time in response to changing conditions—this precocious, even audacious idea anticipated and possibly inspired the theory of evolution Darwin would publish two decades later.”

About the Speaker

As a kid growing up in the Pacific Northwest, Rob Wesson became fascinated by mountains and glaciers. This interest led to a BS in earth science from MIT, and an M.Sc. and Ph.D. in geophysics from Stanford University. His career in earthquake research with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) spans four decades, where he is currently a Scientist Emeritus. In retirement, his research has turned to Chile where he is collaborating with a team exploring large earthquakes, tsunamis, and associated tectonic questions. This work has been supported in part by grants from the National Science Foundation. When not traveling to South America or elsewhere, Rob divides his time between his home in Evergreen, Colorado, and the rustic cabin he built near McCarthy, Alaska.

Rob first became interested in Darwin and his geology through reading The Voyage of the Beagle on a vacation trip to Patagonia. He became captivated by Darwin’s prodigious powers of observation and his insatiable need to understand and explain. Whatever rock, fossil, landscape, rodent, bird, or beetle that he found, he wanted to tell its story.

11-15-2017 Tom Williams: James Hutton

About the Talk

James Hutton—Founder of Modern Geology

Tom Williams will examine the incredible legacy of James Hutton—the Founder of Modern Geology as part of the Jefferson Land Trust’s Geology Lecture Series in November.

James Hutton was one of a truly remarkable group of intellectuals including philosopher and historian David Hume, economist Adam Smith, chemist Joseph Black, and poet Robert Burns who, during the second half of the eighteenth-century, collectively participated in what is known as the “Scottish Enlightenment.” Can you imagine the excitement of joining them to deliberate and unwind at the Oyster Club in Edinburgh. Collectively, they provided the foundations for the modern study of philosophy, economics, and the physical sciences and made Edinburgh the focus of exploring radical new ways of understanding our world.

None made a more original contribution than Hutton to our understanding of the Earth. Until this time, it was assumed that the Earth was only about 6,000 years old. Archbishop James Ussher wrote in 1658 that the Earth had been created on October 22, 4004 B.C. This date was included in the English Bible and was accepted as part of Scripture itself. Hutton provided unequivocal evidence that the Earth was far older than generally believed and in doing so laid the foundations of geological science.

Amongst Hutton’s numerous contributions were:

  • The concept of “deep time” describing geologic processes operating over immense periods of geologic time. In 1787, Hutton wrote, “…we find no vestige of a beginning, – no prospect of an end.”
  • Describing fundamental geologic processes such as the realization that the surface of the Earth is a dynamic system subject to renewal by mountain building and decay by erosion.
  • In his 1785 publication Theory of the Earth, Hutton provided the basis of the geologic principle of uniformitarianism, later summarized by Lyell as “The Present is the Key to the Past”.
  • Recognized the Earth as a heat engine. Internal heat converted sediment to sedimentary rock and raised material from the ocean floor to make new land.
  • Developed a method of geologic inquiry that combined theory with critical field-based observations.

About the Speaker

For the past five years, Tom has co-lead geology field trips exploring the landscapes and geology of Scotland. These trips follow in the footsteps of Hutton and other pioneering Scottish geologists and visit localities such as Salisbury Crags, Siccar Point, Isle of Arran, and the Moine thrust, where significant geologic discoveries were made.

Thomas Williams is a retired Engineering Geologist with the California North Coast Regional Water Board in Santa Rosa. He has taught earth sciences at eight San Francisco Bay Area colleges and, for the past 13 years, has been a geology lecturer at Sonoma State University about one hour north of San Francisco. Since establishing his travel adventure business, Williams GeoAdventures in 1997, Tom has led 34 geology field trips to the Western U.S. and to Scotland, Italy, Iceland, and New Zealand.

12-16-2017 Ralph Haugerud: All about Lidar

About the Talk

Shape shows more than Pictures—An Introduction to LiDAR

We sense the spatial world through a combination of touch, our kinesthetic sense, and sight, with most of the details provided by sight. Traditional mapping technology mimics this, with details provided by photos draped over sparse topographic control. As a consequence, we tend to assume that the world is to be understood by its color and that environmental mapping data are raster (bitmaps).

Airborne LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) has changed all this. LiDAR combines differential GPS, an inertial measurement unit, and a rapid-fire scanning laser rangefinder to generate thousands of positions per second with accuracies of about 1 inch (Z, elevation) by 1 foot (X, longitude; Y, latitude). Combined, these positions describe the shape of the landscape with unparalleled precision.

These shape data are revolutionizing the study of the Earth’s surface. We’ll discuss some examples that include the discovery of numerous Holocene fault scarps in NW Washington, automated timber-stand mapping, investigation of a possible Clean Water Act violation, and the response to the 2014 Oso landslide.

However, LiDAR is blind. To determine what kinds of trees cover a hillside, whether the cows are Herefords or Holsteins, or where there is snow, a picture is an appropriate tool. But if you want to know how tall the trees are, whether that brown thing is a cow or a dog, or what part of a snowy landscape is ice-covered, shape data (LiDAR) are far more useful.

About the Speaker

Ralph is a research geologist for the U.S. Geological Survey and an Affiliate Assistant Professor in the Dept. Earth & Space Sciences, University of Washington. He grew up in Seattle and product of local education, first getting his B.Sc. & M.Sc. in Geology at Western Washington University (Bellingham) and then his Ph.D. in Geological Sciences in 1985 from the University of Washington in Seattle. He was a post-Doc with the USGS in Reston, VA from 1985-87, then was hired by Branch of Western Regional Geology and moved to Menlo Park in 1988. He escaped CA in 1990 by being transferred back to Seattle and the homeland.

His work has involved geologic mapping in the North Cascades (1978-1997), Salish Lowland (1996-present), and central Washington (2014-present). Got interested in digital topography in the early 1990s and as a result of his technical skills became the lead scientist for the Puget Sound LiDAR Consortium (1999-2017). However, he considers himself a structural geologist—He watches the Earth move.